pinhole camera in 18th century
It took centuries before the technology existed to permit photographic pioneers in the early 19th century to capture an image on a light sensitive surface. A Frenchman, Jacques Louis Mande Daquerre is credited with putting it all together, but the first permanent images made directly by the action of light were produced by the Frenchman Joseph NicOphore Niepce an amateur scientist, inventor and artist. His first "heliographs" were produced in 1822. The biggest problem at that time was how to "fix" the image. The search for a method to fix the image was discovered by astronomer and scientist Sir John Hershel in 1839. That led to the development of photography. Sir David Brewster, an English scientist, was one of the first to make pinhole photographs. In the 1850’s in his book "The Stereoscope" the word "pin-hole" was first coined. Another Englishman Flinders Petrie, acclaimed the "father of archaeology" in the 1880’s, took many pinhole photographs during his excavations in Egypt. His photographs are exhibited in London museums.